Here, we compare bird feeding between Northern and Southern Hemispheres as a means of exploring how similarities and differences in avian responses might inform knowledge of this global urban phenomenon. In part, research has been hampered by logistical difficulties of working in urban areas but studies have demonstrated powerful influences on behavior and phenology of avian breeding, the spread of disease, and the structure of avian communities. Yet, relatively little is known about how it influences the behavior and ecology of the species visiting feeders. This represents a subsidy to natural diets of birds attracted to the feeders and typically involves novel dietary components. The scale and intensity of bird feeding are enormous with mainly birdseed consumed daily by a range of species. Intentional feeding of wild birds in gardens or backyards is one of the most popular forms of human–wildlife interactions in the developed world, especially in urban environments. 4Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.3Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.2Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.1Centre for Ornithology, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Concluding Remarks: What Needs to Be Done to Answer These Research Questions?.Does Feeding Inevitably Change Urban Bird Community Structure?.Are Feeders Implicated in the Spread of Disease?.Does Feeding Create an Ecological Trap for Urban Bird Populations?.Does Feeding Influence Mating Strategies and Gene Flow in Urban Bird Populations?.Do Individual Birds Experience Carry-Over Effects from Supplementary Feeding?.

Do Individual Birds Over-Commit to Defence of Feeders?.What Contribution Do Food Supplements Make to a Bird'S Diet?.Human Motivations and Reasons for Feeding.Cornish College of the Arts, United States TABLE OF CONTENTS

Toms bird feeders